disadvantages of fire resistant cable

AB: For fire safe cables, a combination of Standards are being followed: Test for Temperature Index ASTM D 2863, Flammability Tests Category A, B, C as per IEC 60332-3, Fire Resistance Test BS 7846 & BS 6387. ARMOURED FIRE RATED - FIRE SURVIVAL CABLE. In case of fire, the Fire Resistant Cables will ensure that there is little or no emission of Acid Gas & smoke (incase the cables come in contact with fire), which can cause further harm & hamper evacuation measures. Steven has over twenty five years experience working on some of the largest construction projects. 4.Where to buy fire resistant cable Depending on the specifications and end usage chosen, we have capabilities to manufacture and test all these products in house. KangDing All rights reserved document.write(unescape("%3Cspan id='cnzz_stat_icon_1279114458'%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cscript src='https://s9.cnzz.com/z_stat.php%3Fid%3D1279114458%26show%3Dpic' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); UL and CSA fire-resistant cable standards, Classification and standards of Lshf and LSZH cables, Manufacturer of Frequency Conversion Cables, Cable de Motor de Frecuencia Variable con Doble Blindaje, Power Line + Optical Fiber + Control Line Three In One Flat C, Outdoor Wear-Resistant Special Power Cable, Shielded Rubber Sheathed Flexible Cable for Coal Mine, NYY-J/ NYY-O CE European Standard Power Cable, High Temperature Resistant Trailing Cable, Clean Halogen-Free Control and Signal Cables, Injection Molds for Wire Harness Wrapping, Advantages of Connector and Wire Harness Overmolding, Electrode Wire, Physiotherapy Wire Made in China, Circuit Connector and Wiring Harness Manufacturing. The outdoor cables installed over-ground do not need Low Smoke Zero Halogen properties as the dense toxic smoke has space to escape. It is often the substrate material of choice for electrical insulation, recognizable by its signature green color. SV: Enhanced fire retardant properties in insulation are of main importance from fire safety. Also Sports Stadia such as the Emirates stadium in London and shopping malls including Westfield White City, St Davids Centre, Cardiff and Highcross, Leicester. The Draka brand means innovation in cable and its a brand our customers trust. This is commonly known as a circuit integrity (CI) cable and is 2-hour fire-rated. It is often the substrate material of choice for electrical insulation, recognizable by its signature green color. Fire Safety The best safety and rescue equipment cannot work without secured power supply. Product tests and other information of over 20 partners in the industry. Generally, for outdoor application where the cables are buried, Low Smoke Zero Halogen properties are not needed as the oxygen level is low and does not support burning. This 2-hour fire-resistive cable is designed for emergency power circuits for fire pumps and emergency generators. If you are a buyer and wants to buy the flame retardant wire, don't hesitate to, Guide to Buy Silicone Insulated Wire in China. In general, fire rate power cables can replace flame retardant cables, while flame retardant cables cannot replace fire resistant cables. I documenti contenuti nella presente sezione hanno esclusivamente finalit informative e non sono diretti o destinati all'accesso da parte di persone che si trovano o sono residenti negli Stati Uniti, in Australia, Canada o Giappone o uno degli Altri Paesi. QUALUNQUE OFFERTA PUBBLICA SAR REALIZZATA IN ITALIA SULLA BASE DI UN PROSPETTO, APPROVATO DA CONSOB IN CONFORMIT ALLA REGOLAMENTAZIONE APPLICABILE. Flame Retardant Low Smoke PVC compound which is present in the cable, ensures low smoke release compared to other wires with PVC coating. Now-a-days builders are gradually shifting to Fire Retardant category of cables to mitigate the risk of fire. e. Obtain and maintain latest specification of processes and testing parameters. Person (according to Regulation S of the Securities Act). What is flame retardant cable?. The following is a brief introduction to their differences and features by ZW Cable. Your email address will not be published. The information contained on this section is for information purposes only and are not intended for or open to access by anyone who is in or who is resident in the USA, Australia, Canada, Japan or in any of the Other Countries. PRODUCT SPECIFICATION. Discover more about our products below, or visit our product pagefor the full range. ACCORDINGLY, ANY PERSON MAKING OR INTENDING TO MAKE ANY OFFER OF SECURITIES IN A RELEVANT MEMBER STATE OTHER THAN THE PERMITTED PUBLIC OFFER, MAY ONLY DO SO IN CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH NO OBLIGATION ARISES FOR THE COMPANY OR ANY OF THE JOINT GLOBAL COORDINATORS OR ANY OF THE MANAGERS TO PUBLISH A PROSPECTUS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 3 OF THE PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE OR SUPPLEMENT A PROSPECTUS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 16 OF THE PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE, IN EACH CASE, IN RELATION TO SUCH OFFER. A comparison of the basic, energy consumption. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 58 or ASTM D 2863. Next, the difference between flame-retardant cables and fire-resistant cables is introduced in detail: Many people easily confuse the concepts of flame-retardant cables and fire-resistant cables. Previous Post:Guide to Buy Silicone Insulated Wire in China, Next Post:Everything About UL1007 Hook Up Wire, Copyright 2019 SHENZHEN JIAN ZHEN DA WIRE& CABLE CO.,LTD.All Rights Reserved, 0.6/1V TUV 4MM2 DC Solar PV Cable for Solar Panel, Building C, Liansheng Industrial Park, No.77 Yanshan Avenue, Baoan District, Shenzhen City. Low smokes cables have a sheath designed to limit the amount of smoke and toxic halogen gases given off during fire situations. Advantages and Disadvantages The flame-retardant cable and wire is burned. The addition of various additives can improve its temperature range . Factory:WenXian Industrial Zone, Henan Province, P.R.China, Office :The intersection of Hang Hai Road and Qin He Road, Henan,China, Copyright 2023 Leading Cable and Wire Manufacturer-ZW, Powered by Leading Cable and Wire Manufacturer-ZW, International Electrotechnical Commission, Electrical Wiring Color Code | Basics You Should Know, Top 10 Leading Electrical Cable Suppliers, Depth Requirements for Buried Electrical Cable | All That You Need To Know. find a supplier near to you or your site. outline of the differences between Thermal/Magnetic Circuit Breakers and Electronic equivalents. right? PK: Fire retarding properties in cable are of great importance. Typically, flame-retardant cables resist the spread of fire into a new area, whereas fire-resistive cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions. A fire or explosion can cause irrevocable damage to human life as well as property. Due to relative low cost, fire retardant cables are widely used as fire survival cables. The basic structure of flame-retardant cables could be summarized into 3 points below: 2.Flame-retardant materials are used for the sheath and outer sheath, 3.The wrapping tape and filling are made of flame-retardant materials. In case of fire, the Fire Resistant Cables will ensure that there is little or no emission of Acid Gas & smoke (incase the cables come in contact with fire), which can cause further harm & hamper evacuation measures. Condition of fire for group of cable is simulated & extend of fire propagation is measured. Get the latest news, special offers and events from us. Conformance to the code requirements of circuit survivability will ensure the performance of the fire alarm system during a fire emergency. In the event of a fire, it may be burned out and cannot be operated, but it can prevent the spread of the fire. But in low risk areas where the evacuation is easy and high flexibility is required, PVC could still be a good choice. c. Has to have knowledge of formula-tion and engineering of raw materials. Visit our media centre for Ongoing research has produced a world class range of high quality cables such as Saffire, Firetuf and Railsure that meet or surpass British Standards. Flame retardants are chemicals that are added to manufactured materials (e.g., textiles and plastics) and surface finishes and coatings to inhibit combustion or delay the spread of fire after ignition (van der Veen and de Boer, 2012). THE EXPRESSION PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE MEANS DIRECTIVE 2003/71/EC (THIS DIRECTIVE AND AMENDMENTS THERETO, INCLUDING DIRECTIVE 2010/73/EC, TO THE EXTENT IMPLEMENTED IN THE RELEVANT MEMBER STATE, TOGETHER WITH ANY IMPLEMENTING MEASURES IN ANY MEMBER STATE). Our fire testing lab at Eastleigh conducts over 1,500 tests a year to quality check and perfect existing and new cable. In industrial units & manufacturing factories, the safety hazards are twice than that found elsewhere, & as such needs effective safeguards like Fire Resistant Cables. IEC 60332-3, BS 4066- 3 Test Non propagation of Your email address will not be published. For LSZH cables during fire, visibility maintained is at least 80% or smoke density of 20%. The sufferer is mainly the common man, who has to bear the brunt of mistakes or cost cutting measures of someone else. HAMPSHIRE, INC. All Rights Reserved | Site created by Thomas Marketing Services and Powered by Navigator Platform, Thrust Collars, Tube Rolls, & Filler Plates, Composite Fiberglass for Structural and Electrical Applications, Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications, Structural Fiberglass for Aerial Tower Work Platforms, Sheaves and Wear Pads for Mobile Lifting Equipment, Wear Components for Material Handling Equipment, Advantages of Using Engineering Thermoplastics, WS Hampshire: Your Custom Fabricator/Supplier for FR4 & Nonmetallic Materials. These standards specifies various requirements for smoke density rating, halogen content, temperature index, oxygen index, Corrosivity of combustion gases, pH index, flammability tests under different conditions, circuit integrity test, light transmission under smoke, etc. The ability of a cable to maintain functionality during fire. Universal Cables Limited manufactures all type of fire safe cables e.g., Fire Retardant (FR) cables, Fire Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) cables, Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) cables and Fire Survival (FS) cables. MI cable has good fire resistance characteristics and can work for a long time under 250 high temperature, but also explosion-proof, strong corrosion-resistance, high flow rate, radiation resistance MI cable has the characteristics of explosion-proof, high corrosion resistance, high current carrying capacity, radiation resistance, high mechanical strength, small size, lightweight, long life, and smokeless. Flame-retardant tests measure flame propagation for both horizontal and vertical applications. Circuit integrity cable is needed when circuit integrity is essential for life safety or when it is critical to prevent a plant shut down. Outer jacket of the cables are of flame retardant material only, which doesnt allow fire propagation. Insulation. FP200 Gold cables are ideal for installations in fire detection, voice alarm, emergency lighting and smoke alarm systems which depend on circuit integrity in the event of fire. 365 Keyes Ave., Hampshire, IL 60140 A flame-retardant cable is designed only to restrict the spread of a fire by inhibiting combustion. The Halogen-containing cable flame retardant principle is to rely on the flame retardant effect of halogen. For FRLS cables during fire, maximum halogen gas emitted should be 20% by weight. BS 6387(CWZ) is for fire alarm & emergency lighting cables with 750V max. To know more, log on to www.relemaccables.com, Your email address will not be published. Fire resistant and fire retardant cable sheaths are design to resist combustion and limit the propagation of flames. Also, mineral insulated cable is a better performance of fire-resistant cables made of copper core, copper sheath, magnesium oxide insulation material processing, referred to as MI (mineral insulated cables) cable. DEC can be caused by overloading, short circuit, faulty installation, or due to poor quality of products used, which again could be poor quality of raw materials, or poor quality of manufacture, or both. If the power supply is Conductor . Electricity plays a big role in keeping everything functioning in a smooth manner. SV: Nowadays, all buyers/utilities are very serious against fire safety in cables and incorporated certain fire test in the specification. However, the price is high. Some international agencies like BASEC, UL, CE, etc also certifies the fire safety requirement of cables. They are less toxic in nature and emit low amount of corrosive fumes. Our fire performance cables are specifically designed to maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions of 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Fire-resistant cable is a cable that can maintain safe operation for a certain period of time under flame burning. The Fire Resistant Cables usually are coated with flame retardants which inhibit the fire & prevent it from spreading further. These new CI cables are commonly used in fire alarm and voice communications systems. Fire Performance Cables to maintain Circuit Integrity in Fire. This can lead to data loss as a result of more packets of data needing to be retransmitted. There are developments going on to improve the property of Polyethylene to make it flame retardant, and we will see better standards implemented, which is now imperative especially after the few large fires where lots of valuable human lives have been lost. The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment. PVC means poly vinyl chloride and it produces acidic droplets besides smoke. On the contrary, Polyethylene (PE) does not have chlorine but unless cross-linked has a lower melting temperature. Click here to view the notes listin a table format, Click here to view the notes indexed by tag, Flame Retardant - designed for use in fire situations where the spread of flames along a cable route needs to be retarded, Fire Resistant (FR) - cables are designed to maintain circuit integrity of those vital emergency services during the fire, Low Smoke and Fume (LSF) - burns with very little smoke and fumes compared to standard PVC, fumes may contain halogens, Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) - when burns there is very little smoke and fumes (compared to standard PVC the fumes contain no halogens, Alternative names for LSZH - LSZO (Low Smoke Zero Halogen), 0HLS (Zero Halogen Low Smoke), LSHF (Low Smoke Halogen Free), IEC 60332-1/BS 4066-1 - flame test on single vertical insulated wires/cables, IEC 60332-3/BS 4066-3 - flame test on bunched wires/cables, CMP (Plenum Flame Test/ Steiner Tunnel Test) - plenum rated cables meeting NFPA -262, CMR (Riser Flame Test) - riser rated cables meeting UL1666, CM (Vertical Tray Flame Test) - general purpose cables meeting UL 1581, CMG (Vertical Tray Flame Test) - general purpose cables meeting UL1581, CMX (Vertical Wire Flame Test) - restricted cables meeting UL1581, BS 6387 - fire resistance test (more stringent than IEC 60331), Reduction in hazardous fumes which can cause injury when inhaled, Reduction in corrosive chemicals which can cause damage to electronics, IEC 60754-1/BS6425-1 - emission of halogen, IEC 61034-1/ASTM E662 - emission of smoke, ISO4589-3/BS2782.1 - temperature index TI, have a question or need help, please use our, spotted an error or have additional info that you think should be in this post, feel free to. PK: Basically, PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) is a flame retardant material; it has this plus point over PE (Polyethylene). Amitava Bose: The genre of fire safe cables includes a wide variety. Ltd, established in 1993, specializes in manufacturing premium quality Instrumentation Signal Cables, Building Wire, Control Cables, Coaxial Cables, Multi Core Cables, XLPE Power Cables, PTFE Wires, Thermocouple Extension Cables, Telephone Cables, Computer/Shielded Cables, Solar Wires, Special Application Cables, etc. Flame Retardant. This may be of primary concern, for instance, in life safety of fire fighting installations. In such cases, Low Smoke Zero Halogen cables should be the preferred choice. It can withstand long-term combustion, even if the polymer at the place where the flame is applied is burned, it can ensure the normal operation of the line. Shorter cable runs: On longer CCA cable runs near the 100-meter maximum, signal strength is reduced as compared to solid copper Category 5e. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Fires have been a major cause of losses of both human life as well as property, and hence, safety from fire is one of the major areas of focus for us. The FP cable range is the result of almost 50 years of continuous development of cables for fire alarms, emergency lighting, life safety and fire fighting systems. PK: Unfortunately, we are not very serious about safety standards in our country. MI is labor-intensive and difficult to install and, therefore, is rarely used in low-voltage fire protection and emergency voice systems. A Complete Guide To Fire Resistant Cables. This condition can be also looked from different angle i.e. Overview. BS8519 is "code of practice for selection and instalaltion of fire-resistant power & control cable systems for fire safety and fire-fighting applications". This is even before British Standards for fire resistance became available. Since, cost becomes a major factor in almost all purchase decisions, especially for Industrial products, we constantly look to manufacture products that are less prone to catch and propagate fires without adding to costs. While Flame Retardant 4 is well-known for fabricating PCBs, it also provides an ideal material for: FR4 is a flame-retardant material used for various components in electronics and industrial or marine applications. I will try my best to give your cable solutions. I would like to share my experience in cable field. Fire-resistant cables can maintain normal operation for a certain period under flame burning conditions and maintain the lines integrity. I was reminded of Occam's Razorwhile reading a book. Accetto di rispettarne i vincoli. formed the Li-Fi Consortium with the objective of establishing the new wireless technology in the market. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); W.S. The cables should be free from these hazardous elements, and should not propagate fire. Dichiaro di non essere soggetto residente o trovarmi negli Stati Uniti, in Australia, Canada o Giappone o uno degli Altri Paesi e di non essere una US person (ai sensi della Regulation S del Securities Act). However, it is applicable for outer jacket only. Cables are insulated/jacketed by such blend of insulation which offers more resistant to the fire. Copyrights 2000-2021: Relemac. Comprendo che pu condizionare i miei diritti. Fire-resistant cables are widely used in high-rise buildings, underground railways, underground streets, large power stations and important industrial and mining enterprises and other places related to fire safety and fire rescue, for example, power supply lines and control lines of emergency facilities such as fire fighting equipment and emergency guide lights. As stated earlier, installation can also play a big role in avoiding mishaps. VKG: Institutional buyers/builders are now quite aware, serious and sensitive about fire safety and procure cables meeting stringent parameters and tests for fire safety requirements from vendors with proven track record & having all in house testing facility with complete in process quality control process. The persons cannot see clearly the exit way and feel suffocation and irritation on skin when comes in contact with droplets. The differences between these two ratings are essential for the critical circuits required for life safety requirements. Reliability at its core . Typical jacket coumpounds for plemum-rated cable are FR-PVC, FEP, PVDF and ECTFE. Is a flame-retardant cable also fire-rated? ZW Cable is leading Chinese cable manufacturer. Although the two are different in principle, structure and materials, their uses are similar, and they are quite good in terms of "fireproof" performance. Wire harness Silicone rubber cables also have excellent flexibility. So in a high risk populated area where escape is limited LSHF cables are strongly recommended. Use the form below to register your interest and one of our experienced team will be in touch to talk to you more about The Power of Prysmian and what we could do for your business. Moreover, LSZH cables support the Green movement for environmental safety. AB: Safety is an important issue for manufacturers and users where safety against fire is considered to be paramount. Our FT120 fire resistant cable, which provides enhanced firecable performance with all the benefits associated with pliable alarm cable, is an example of Drakas innovative, market driven approach to making fire rated cables that set the standard for others to follow. Cables intended to fulfil this type of function are often labelled as one of the following: Both LSZH and LSF are used to limit smoke, fumes and halogen given off in fire conditions. Prysmian's Jet Fire family of cables are designed to continue to operate in the extreme conditions experienced during offshore jet fires. Confirmation that the certifying party understands and accepts the above disclaimer. Some Features Of Fire Resistant Cables. There are excellent reasons to get fiber optics, but one disadvantage is in the fact that it can only propagate light in one direction. Both aluminum and aluminum alloy conductors have the ability to conduct electricity, and the resistance of the two is different. Contact ustoday to learn more about our FR4 fabrication capabilities. PE or XLPE are used because of its inherent better electrical/mechanical parameters over PVC e.g. Dense toxic smoke released from cables during fire cause problems for evacuating people from the premises; it also causes hindrance for the fire fighters to extinguish the conflagration. The material's low coefficient of thermal expansion allows it to resist contraction and . Flame Retardant 4 is a glass epoxy laminate and a defined standard by National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). Means in the standard atmospheric condition till the percentage of oxygen reaches 30 to 35 percent; cable will not act as fuel. After the test fire source is removed, the flame spreads only within a limited range, and the residual flame or residual burn can be extinguished by itself within a limited time. In the refractory layer to improve the manufacturing process and increase the refractory layer and other methods based on Class A fire rated cable development, it can be 950 ~ 1 000 flame and rated voltage to withstand burning for at least 90min and the cable is not punctured. The clear concepts and advantages and disadvantages of flame-retardant cables, halogen-free cables, and fire-resistant cables The characteristic of flame-retardant cable is to delay the spread of flame along the cable so that the fire will not expand. f. Constantly upgrade the raw materials and processes to ensure better products at optimum costs. MI cable comes in single and multiconductor versions. Firetuf FT30 Saffire - halogen free, low smoke (OHLS) flame retardant cable For example, if the oxygen index of a material is 21 percent, it means that the material will burn by itself even at room temperature because at room temperature the normal oxygen content is 21 percent. Whereas LSHF cables are less flexible and a higher cost but with a significant reduction in toxic gas and smoke. Fire-resistant cable and flame retardant cable are not the same. Your email address will not be published. He has a deep technical understanding of electrical engineering and is keen to share this knowledge. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 64 or ASTM D 2863. AB: We as a cable manufacturer have to first ascertain the intended application, i.e., whether the cable is for indoor or outdoor application. Hydrogen chloride emissions of LSF cable may reach up to 18%. Some Features Of Fire Resistant Cables Fire resistant cables are often used to maintain circuit integrity of those vital life safety systems such as fire alarm and suppression services. Fire resistance class A (Class IA~Class IVA) Class I~IV. Burning time 90min (recommended) Burning time 90min (recommended) What are the advantages and disadvantages of both overhead transmission cables and underground transmission cables? monitoring via optional communication interface (WAGO USB Communication Cable and IO-Link Communication Module). A typical jacket material for riser-rated cable is PVC. Fire resistance characteristics. The Draka brand understands the importance of fire resistant cables and is deeply committed to continuous fire cable development. The principles of fire-resistant wireand. There are also plenum cable flame tests for use in ducts, plenums or other spaces used for environmental air distribution. THE COMPANY DOES NOT INTEND TO REGISTER ANY PORTION OF ANY OFFERING IN THE UNITED STATES. . if source of fire (heat) is more than at 21 percent also cable can act as fuel. Wire In addition to being toxic, hydrogen chloride is corrosive to equipment. This Construction Brief will give you an overview of Verisk's Construction Class 6 - fire-resistive construction. Some ingredients are now available which if mixed with PE it can reduce its inflammability. VKG: The fire properties for cables are of great importance. These terminations are vulnerable to fire, moisture, or mechanical impact. These halogenated materials contain Chlorine, Bromine & Fluorine. Our new family will withstand 250 kW/m 2 jet fires and withstand temperatures exceeding 1,200 C for half an hour in accordance with ISO 22899-1. SV: No doubt PVC has more flame resistance as compared to PE, but PE has much better electric properties as insulation. Furthermore, Jet Fire cables will also meet the . PK: Indian standards for cables e.g. 1050C Rated. The aluminum alloy conductor is added relevant trace elements in the aluminum conductor, so that its resistivity is lower than the pure aluminum conductor, which solves the disadvantages of poor mechanical properties, easy breakage and easy creep of pure aluminum . With another ingredient EVA, we are able to make cable compound which will produce almost white smoke and with very-very low halogen content toxic gases. Class A fire-resistant cable fire performance is better than class B. ANY OFFER OF SECURITIES IN ANY MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA (EEA) WHICH HAS IMPLEMENTED THE PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE (EACH, A RELEVANT MEMBER STATE), WILL BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF A PROSPECTUS APPROVED BY THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY AND PUBLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE (THE PERMITTED PUBLIC OFFER) AND/OR PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION UNDER THE PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE FROM THE REQUIREMENT TO PUBLISH A PROSPECTUS FOR OFFERS OF SECURITIES. For indoor application, Low Smoke Zero Halogen property is a necessity. As a new technology, the principle of the criticized cable, which is representative of fire-resistant cables, is that the cable can form a self-supporting ceramic body in the flame, which has a certain strength and can be used in the flame at a temperature of 650 to 1000C and the cable will not be damaged. We do hope that these losses do not go in vain, and that awareness is also developed. All Rights Reserved. Required fields are marked *. Riser-rated cables are installed between floors through cable risers and in elevator shafts. Our cables not only help save lives in a fire, but also provide greater property protection. Firetuf FTP - the original Draka fire resistant armoured cable Fire-resistant cables and flame-retardant cables are different in structure and materials. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 53 or IEC 60332 Part 1. Few of those are: We manufacture all of the above mentioned cables. high volume resistivity, low dielectric constant, high dielectric strength, low power factor.

T Tail Vs Conventional Tail, How Many World Series Did Babe Ruth Play In, Empress Wu Primary Sources, Robert Patrick Robinson Atlanta, Ga, Articles D